T p53 may modulate OS-derived retinal damage. The higher number of astrocytes found in the retinas of “super p53” mice in the present work could be responsible for the augmented antioxidant capacity observed [83,84]. The most noteworthy finding of this study is the significant increase in the retinal astrocyte population of “super p53” mice. This increase might improve the resistance of the retinal cells against ROS and its downstream signalling pathways. These findings could be the starting point to develop future treatments for those diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or ARMD, the 1418741-86-2 site pathogenesis of which involves oxidative stress.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Desiree Contreras, Francisca Vargas for technical assistance, ?Maribel Munoz for great animal assistance and David Nesbitt for correcting the English version of this work.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MS RGP MDPD JMR. Performed the experiments: JJS RdH BR AIR MS RGP MDPD JMR. Analyzed the data: JJS RdH BR AIR JMR. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: JJS RdH BR AIR MS RGP MDPD JMR. Wrote the paper: JJS RdH BR AIR JMR.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant cancer with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. It is one of the major leading causes of cancer-related mortality with a five-year survival rate of 6? [1]. Because of its insidious onset, only 7 of cases present in the early stages of disease, and the late diagnosis leads to a low resection rate and poor prognosis [2]. Therefore, further research on the pathophysiology of PDAC is a top priority for PDAC control and prevention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that are 18?5 nucleotides long. Recently, they have emerged as a critical class of negative regulators of gene expression through the modulation of post-transcriptional activity of multiple target mRNAs. They regulate gene expression via complementarity with the 39untranslated region (39-UTR) of their target mRNAs. miRNAs regulate gene expression either by target mRNA degradation, repression of its translation, or sometimes by upregulation of thetarget gene. More than 50 of the known miRNAs have been shown to participate in human tumorigenesis and/or metastasis by directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes 23148522 [3,4]. Therefore, research focused on the role of miRNA in PDAC is rapidly increasing. A number of methods, including Northern blot [5], real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [6], and microarrays [7] have been developed to detect and quantify miRNA expression, but they do not reflect the real-time and consecutive function of a given miRNA in living cells. In addition, miRNA expression levels do not always reflect the actual activity of each miRNA [8,9]. The latter correlates with mature miRNA functions and is often affected by multiple steps along the miRNA pathway, including the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) forming efficiency, the binding ML 281 site affinity of miRNA to the target sequences at the 39-UTR, and the inhibition efficiency through miRISC binding [10]. Therefore, if achievable, functional miRNAmiRNA Monitoring in Pancreatic Cells Using Asensorprofiling, which reflects the real miRNA activity, may display many advantages over conventional miRNA profiling. An “Asensor” is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector miRNA sensor for real-time consecutive functional monitoring of miRNA profiling in living cells, constructed by inserting a give.T p53 may modulate OS-derived retinal damage. The higher number of astrocytes found in the retinas of “super p53” mice in the present work could be responsible for the augmented antioxidant capacity observed [83,84]. The most noteworthy finding of this study is the significant increase in the retinal astrocyte population of “super p53” mice. This increase might improve the resistance of the retinal cells against ROS and its downstream signalling pathways. These findings could be the starting point to develop future treatments for those diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or ARMD, the pathogenesis of which involves oxidative stress.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Desiree Contreras, Francisca Vargas for technical assistance, ?Maribel Munoz for great animal assistance and David Nesbitt for correcting the English version of this work.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MS RGP MDPD JMR. Performed the experiments: JJS RdH BR AIR MS RGP MDPD JMR. Analyzed the data: JJS RdH BR AIR JMR. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: JJS RdH BR AIR MS RGP MDPD JMR. Wrote the paper: JJS RdH BR AIR JMR.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant cancer with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. It is one of the major leading causes of cancer-related mortality with a five-year survival rate of 6? [1]. Because of its insidious onset, only 7 of cases present in the early stages of disease, and the late diagnosis leads to a low resection rate and poor prognosis [2]. Therefore, further research on the pathophysiology of PDAC is a top priority for PDAC control and prevention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that are 18?5 nucleotides long. Recently, they have emerged as a critical class of negative regulators of gene expression through the modulation of post-transcriptional activity of multiple target mRNAs. They regulate gene expression via complementarity with the 39untranslated region (39-UTR) of their target mRNAs. miRNAs regulate gene expression either by target mRNA degradation, repression of its translation, or sometimes by upregulation of thetarget gene. More than 50 of the known miRNAs have been shown to participate in human tumorigenesis and/or metastasis by directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes 23148522 [3,4]. Therefore, research focused on the role of miRNA in PDAC is rapidly increasing. A number of methods, including Northern blot [5], real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [6], and microarrays [7] have been developed to detect and quantify miRNA expression, but they do not reflect the real-time and consecutive function of a given miRNA in living cells. In addition, miRNA expression levels do not always reflect the actual activity of each miRNA [8,9]. The latter correlates with mature miRNA functions and is often affected by multiple steps along the miRNA pathway, including the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) forming efficiency, the binding affinity of miRNA to the target sequences at the 39-UTR, and the inhibition efficiency through miRISC binding [10]. Therefore, if achievable, functional miRNAmiRNA Monitoring in Pancreatic Cells Using Asensorprofiling, which reflects the real miRNA activity, may display many advantages over conventional miRNA profiling. An “Asensor” is a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector miRNA sensor for real-time consecutive functional monitoring of miRNA profiling in living cells, constructed by inserting a give.