Er’s recommendation. Real time PCR reaction mixtures have been described previously [18]. Briefly, cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription reaction using the First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen). Real-time PCR was performed using the QPCR SYBR Green Mix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) on an AB 7300 Real time PCR system machine (AB Applied Biosystems, Singapore). The following PCR primers were used: mouse b-actin, 59-AGCCTCGCCTTTGCCGA-39 and 59CTGGTGCCTGGGGCG-39; mouse Il1b, 59-CAACCAA-CDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 6. CDA-2 inhibits LLC-CM-induced activation of TLR2 signaling in BMDMs. BMDMs were treated for 24 h by serum-free DMEM (SFM) or LLC-CM or combination with CDA-2 (A) or PG (B). Total RNAs were 
isolated from BMDMs, and gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Results are mean fold change 6 SEM, n = 3, significant difference, * p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052117.gCAAGTGATATTCTCCATG-39 and 59-GATCCACACTC TCCAGCTGCA-39; mouse Il6, 59-CCGGAGAGGAGACTTCACAG-39 and 59-TCC ACGATTTCCCAGAGAAC-39;mouse Tnfa, 59-AGCCCCCAGTCTGTATCCTT-39 15481974 and 59CTCCCTTTGCAGAACTCAGG-39; mouse Kc, 59CTTGGGGACACCTTT TAGCA-39 and 59-GCTGGGATTCACCTCAAGAA-39; mouse Mip1, 59-TGGAG CTGACACCCCGAC-39 and 59-ACGATGAATTGGCGTGGAA-39; mouse Mcp1, 59-GCAGGTCCCTGTCATGCTTC-39 and 59TCCAGCCTACTCATTGGGATCA-39; mouse Tlr2, 59TGGTGTCTGGAGTCTGCTGTG -39 and 59CGCTCCGTACGAA GTTCTCAG -39; Tlr6, 59- CAACTTAACGATAACTGAGAG -39 and 59- CCAGAG AGGACATATTCTTAG -39; CD14, 59- ACA TCT TGAACC TCC GCA AC -39 and 59- Madrasin manufacturer AGGGTTCCTATCCAGCCTGT -39. Specificity of RT-PCR was controlled by “no reverse transcription” controls and melting curve analysis. Quantitative PCR results were obtained using the DDCT (cycle threshold) method. Data were normalized to b-actin levels in each sample.for experiments with more than two subgroups or Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results were considered statistically significant for P values less than 0.05.Results CDA-2 Decreases Lung Tumor Growth in Mice Tumor ModelsTo investigate the effect of CDA-2 and its main component PG on growth of lung tumor, tumors were generated by intravenous injection of 26105 LLC cells in C57BL6 mice. After14 days, mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/ kg, and 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 or 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg PG in PBS or PBS alone once everyday for 10 days. Mice were sacrificed, and their tumor multiplicity and maximal tumor sizes of lung tumors were evaluated. By contrast with control, administration of CDA-2 to the mice significantly reduced lung tumor multiplicity and maximal tumor sizes (Fig. 1A,B). H E staining confirmed the massive reduction of tumor load in CDA-2treated mice. (Fig. 1A). There are also significant differences in lung tumor burdens after different doses of CDA-2 administration indicating CDA-2 inhibited metastatic tumor growth in a dosedependent manner (Fig. 1A,B). Similarly, PG also had a significantStatistical AnalysisValues are displayed as mean plus or minus SEM. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by the t test (two-sided) or ANOVACDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 7. Over-expression of TLR2 abrogates CDA-2-induced inactivation of NF-kB. (A) BMDMs were co-infected with TLR2 and NF-kB luciferase reporter gene adenoviral constructs. 24 hours after NT-157 site infection, cells were treated with SFM or LLC-CM and/or CDA-2 or PG as indicated. Luciferase activities were determined 24 h after the treatment. Data are shown as mean 6 SEM fold.Er’s recommendation. Real time PCR reaction mixtures have been described previously [18]. Briefly, cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription reaction using the First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen). Real-time PCR was performed using the QPCR SYBR Green Mix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) on an AB 7300 Real time PCR system machine (AB Applied Biosystems, Singapore). The following PCR primers were used: mouse b-actin, 59-AGCCTCGCCTTTGCCGA-39 and 59CTGGTGCCTGGGGCG-39; mouse Il1b, 59-CAACCAA-CDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 6. CDA-2 inhibits LLC-CM-induced activation of TLR2 signaling in BMDMs. BMDMs were treated for 24 h by serum-free DMEM (SFM) or LLC-CM or combination with CDA-2 (A) or PG (B). Total RNAs were isolated from BMDMs, and gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Results are mean fold change 6 SEM, n = 3, significant difference, * p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052117.gCAAGTGATATTCTCCATG-39 and 59-GATCCACACTC TCCAGCTGCA-39; mouse Il6, 59-CCGGAGAGGAGACTTCACAG-39 and 59-TCC ACGATTTCCCAGAGAAC-39;mouse Tnfa, 59-AGCCCCCAGTCTGTATCCTT-39 15481974 and 59CTCCCTTTGCAGAACTCAGG-39; mouse Kc, 59CTTGGGGACACCTTT TAGCA-39 and 59-GCTGGGATTCACCTCAAGAA-39; mouse Mip1, 59-TGGAG CTGACACCCCGAC-39 and 59-ACGATGAATTGGCGTGGAA-39; mouse Mcp1, 59-GCAGGTCCCTGTCATGCTTC-39 and 59TCCAGCCTACTCATTGGGATCA-39; mouse Tlr2, 59TGGTGTCTGGAGTCTGCTGTG -39 and 59CGCTCCGTACGAA GTTCTCAG -39; Tlr6, 59- CAACTTAACGATAACTGAGAG -39 and 59- CCAGAG AGGACATATTCTTAG -39; CD14, 59- ACA TCT TGAACC TCC GCA AC -39 and 59- AGGGTTCCTATCCAGCCTGT -39. Specificity of RT-PCR was controlled by “no reverse transcription” controls and melting curve analysis. Quantitative PCR results were obtained using the DDCT (cycle threshold) method. Data were normalized to b-actin levels 
in each sample.for experiments with more than two subgroups or Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results were considered statistically significant for P values less than 0.05.Results CDA-2 Decreases Lung Tumor Growth in Mice Tumor ModelsTo investigate the effect of CDA-2 and its main component PG on growth of lung tumor, tumors were generated by intravenous injection of 26105 LLC cells in C57BL6 mice. After14 days, mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/ kg, and 2000 mg/kg CDA-2 or 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg PG in PBS or PBS alone once everyday for 10 days. Mice were sacrificed, and their tumor multiplicity and maximal tumor sizes of lung tumors were evaluated. By contrast with control, administration of CDA-2 to the mice significantly reduced lung tumor multiplicity and maximal tumor sizes (Fig. 1A,B). H E staining confirmed the massive reduction of tumor load in CDA-2treated mice. (Fig. 1A). There are also significant differences in lung tumor burdens after different doses of CDA-2 administration indicating CDA-2 inhibited metastatic tumor growth in a dosedependent manner (Fig. 1A,B). Similarly, PG also had a significantStatistical AnalysisValues are displayed as mean plus or minus SEM. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by the t test (two-sided) or ANOVACDA-2 Inhibits Lung Cancer DevelopmentFigure 7. Over-expression of TLR2 abrogates CDA-2-induced inactivation of NF-kB. (A) BMDMs were co-infected with TLR2 and NF-kB luciferase reporter gene adenoviral constructs. 24 hours after infection, cells were treated with SFM or LLC-CM and/or CDA-2 or PG as indicated. Luciferase activities were determined 24 h after the treatment. Data are shown as mean 6 SEM fold.