Metastatic tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported proteomic analysis by 2D-DIGE analysis of ascites from patients with intrinsic chemoresistant and chemosensitive ovarian cancer. Additionally, the results may help to predict therapeutic responses and provide disease prognosis as well as new clues into the mechanism of chemoresistance for ovarian cancer. However, there are possible biases in our study. As mentioned before, the expression of ceruloplasmin may be associated with tumor progression. Therefore, the high ceruloplasmin level in ascites in our study may be caused by relatively 22948146 advanced tumor metastasis associated with worse prognosis. Additionally, biases may be caused by serum components in the ascites fluid or even from our exclusion of the ascites samples mixed with blood due to tumor bleeding. In our study, the number of patients was ASP015K limited by the length of time required for collection of samples. An ascites sample of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma was taken during the primary surgery before chemotherapy, and then we waited six months after six cycles of chemotherapy to determine the status of each patient as chemosensitive or chemoresistant. Therefore, longitudinal studies with a larger number of ascites samples are needed for further validation of the utility of ceruloplasmin as a biomarker. Although it may be challenging to determine the proper combination, identifying multiple predictive biomarkers will be more informative. In conclusion, the concentration of ceruloplasmin was found to be significantly higher in the ascites fluids of intrinsic chemoresistant serous EOC patients, compared with those from chemosensitive patients. Although further validation with more ascites samples is needed to evaluate its utility, this finding suggests that ceruloplasmin is a potential prognostic biomarker for EOC patient responses to chemotherapy.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL HH. Performed the experiments: YL MZ YF KH YH QH. Analyzed the data: JL HH KH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL YF YH. Wrote the paper: JL HH.
Birth weight (BW) and its variation within a litter is an important economic trait in purchase Eledoisin animal production, because low BW (LBW) in animal correlates with lower survival rates, poor growth performance and sub-optimal carcass quality [1?]. However, genetic selection for large litter during the last decades has resulted in lower mean BW [5,6]. Moreover, in some animals, such as pigs, there is a 2- to 3-fold variation in BW among littermates from normally fed sows because of differences in placental size and functional capacity [7]. Low BW results from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) during gestation [4], which occurs in animals as a consequence of fetal adaptation to adverse fetal environments, leading to molecular and physiological adaptive changes [8]. Although this fetal adaptation allows fetal survival, it also results in permanent alterations in structure, physiology and metabolism [9].Intestines, muscle and liver are major organs involved in digestion, absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients [10]. The intestinal function was impaired in LBW piglets at birth with lower lactase and aminopeptidase N peak, 
and reduced relative weight of the pancreas [11,12]. Pigs with LBW exhibited a lower carcass quality in terms of lower lean mass and higher fat deposition at market weight [4]. These body composition alterations might be the consequences of reduced.Metastatic tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported proteomic analysis by 2D-DIGE analysis of ascites from patients with intrinsic chemoresistant and chemosensitive ovarian cancer. Additionally, the results may help to predict therapeutic responses and provide disease prognosis as well as new clues into the mechanism of chemoresistance for ovarian cancer. However, there are possible biases in our study. As mentioned before, the expression of ceruloplasmin may be associated with tumor progression. Therefore, the high ceruloplasmin level in ascites in our study may be caused by relatively 22948146 advanced tumor metastasis associated with worse prognosis. Additionally, biases may be caused by serum components in the ascites fluid or even from our exclusion of the ascites samples mixed with blood due to tumor bleeding. In our study, the number of patients was limited by the length of time required for collection of samples. An ascites sample of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma was taken during the primary surgery before chemotherapy, and then we waited six months after six cycles of chemotherapy to determine the status of each patient as chemosensitive or chemoresistant. Therefore, longitudinal studies with a larger number of ascites samples are needed for further validation of the utility of ceruloplasmin as a biomarker. Although it may be challenging to determine the proper combination, identifying multiple 
predictive biomarkers will be more informative. In conclusion, the concentration of ceruloplasmin was found to be significantly higher in the ascites fluids of intrinsic chemoresistant serous EOC patients, compared with those from chemosensitive patients. Although further validation with more ascites samples is needed to evaluate its utility, this finding suggests that ceruloplasmin is a potential prognostic biomarker for EOC patient responses to chemotherapy.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL HH. Performed the experiments: YL MZ YF KH YH QH. Analyzed the data: JL HH KH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL YF YH. Wrote the paper: JL HH.
Birth weight (BW) and its variation within a litter is an important economic trait in animal production, because low BW (LBW) in animal correlates with lower survival rates, poor growth performance and sub-optimal carcass quality [1?]. However, genetic selection for large litter during the last decades has resulted in lower mean BW [5,6]. Moreover, in some animals, such as pigs, there is a 2- to 3-fold variation in BW among littermates from normally fed sows because of differences in placental size and functional capacity [7]. Low BW results from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) during gestation [4], which occurs in animals as a consequence of fetal adaptation to adverse fetal environments, leading to molecular and physiological adaptive changes [8]. Although this fetal adaptation allows fetal survival, it also results in permanent alterations in structure, physiology and metabolism [9].Intestines, muscle and liver are major organs involved in digestion, absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients [10]. The intestinal function was impaired in LBW piglets at birth with lower lactase and aminopeptidase N peak, and reduced relative weight of the pancreas [11,12]. Pigs with LBW exhibited a lower carcass quality in terms of lower lean mass and higher fat deposition at market weight [4]. These body composition alterations might be the consequences of reduced.