Artial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio 1379592 (INR). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.tEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized Patientssymptoms and organ manifestations, the misleading time gap between cessation of abdominal symptoms and onset of complications as the rapidly changing symptomatology has resulted in our suggestion for an intensified monitoring (“Altona EAHEC Monitoring Standard”). The clinical course of our patients does not confirm earlier concerns about a potentially negative impact of antibiotic treatment. Further analyses are needed to evaluate treatment protocols. The correlation between the genetic and clinical MedChemExpress PD168393 specificity of the EHEC O104:H4 syndrome supports the suggested naming “EAHEC disease”.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h. c. H. Karch, University Hospital Muenster, for the critical review of the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SU PB CN-G HO CR CUvS GPM KA-S JR BH WS RF JC J. Puttfarcken SH PT J. Pober NCK-S FH. Performed the experiments: SU PB CN-G J. Pober NCK-S FH. Analyzed the data: SU PB CN-G J. Pober NCK-S FH. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: SU PB J. Pober NCK-S FH. Wrote the paper: SU PB J. Pober NCK-S SH FH.
Unlike species with single type of flowers, Gerbera hybrida, a unique Asteraceae plant with three special types of florets that are condensed at the same receptacle, is an important model for studying flower growth [1,2,3]. Its marginal ray florets and trans florets are female with non-functioning staminodes, while the inner disc florets are hermaphrodites. Notably, the ray florets with aborted stamens have long ligulate petals, whereas the disc florets, which contain fertile pollens, merely have short degenerate petals. Previous studies have found that the changes to the stamens and pistils in G. hybrida occur throughout the mid-developmental stages instead of during the flower primordia stages [4]. One reasonable hypothesis for this phenomenon is that the fertile switching of the G. hybrida florets’ sexual get Emixustat (hydrochloride) organs may be manipulated by endogenous phytohormones. The crucial roles of various phytohormones in flower development have been investigated in many studies. For example, Jasmonate (JA) influences stamen development [5,6], Auxin 2,4-D can reactivate the pistillodes in the staminate flower of date palm, and other hormones can reverse the staminode in the pistillate flower to form fertile stamens [7]. Among these elements, a key hormone in floral opening is gibberellin (GA). In a GA-deficient mutant, ga1-3, the floral organs were severely retarded, in particular in the petals and stamens, whereas the forms of the flower’s primordia are not affected [8]. Nevertheless, although the molecular mechanisms of phytohormones have been extensively studied in multiple organs of model and non-model plants, the involvements of the differently structured florets in the single capitulum are not yet understood.Recently, the transcriptome of G. hybrida was established from the high-throughput sequencing of expressed cDNAs, and the expression profiling of different tissues at various flower stages was also constructed using a microarray strategy [3,9]. After integrating the information obtained from these expression profiles and thoroughly researching a few MADS-box paralogs, an ABCDE model of G. hybrida floral development was constructed in 2006 [1,10,11]. However, because this profiling was restricted by se.Artial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio 1379592 (INR). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055278.tEHEC O104 Infection in Hospitalized Patientssymptoms and organ manifestations, the misleading time gap between cessation of abdominal symptoms and onset of complications as the rapidly changing symptomatology has resulted in our suggestion for an intensified monitoring (“Altona EAHEC Monitoring Standard”). The clinical course of our patients does not confirm earlier concerns about a potentially negative impact of antibiotic treatment. Further analyses are needed to evaluate treatment protocols. The correlation between the genetic and clinical specificity of the EHEC O104:H4 syndrome supports the suggested naming “EAHEC disease”.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h. c. H. Karch, University Hospital Muenster, for the critical review of the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: SU PB CN-G HO CR CUvS GPM KA-S JR BH WS RF JC J. Puttfarcken SH PT J. Pober NCK-S FH. Performed the experiments: SU PB CN-G J. Pober NCK-S FH. Analyzed the data: SU PB CN-G J. Pober NCK-S FH. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: SU PB J. Pober NCK-S FH. Wrote the paper: SU PB J. Pober NCK-S SH FH.
Unlike species with single type of flowers, Gerbera hybrida, a unique Asteraceae plant with three special types of florets that are condensed at the same receptacle, is an important model for studying flower growth [1,2,3]. Its marginal ray florets and trans florets are female with non-functioning staminodes, while the inner disc florets are hermaphrodites. Notably, the ray florets with aborted stamens have long ligulate petals, whereas the disc florets, which contain fertile pollens, merely have short degenerate petals. Previous studies have found that the changes to the stamens and pistils in G. hybrida occur throughout the mid-developmental stages instead of during the flower primordia stages [4]. One reasonable hypothesis for this phenomenon is that the fertile switching of the G. hybrida florets’ sexual organs may be manipulated by endogenous phytohormones. The crucial roles of various phytohormones in flower development have been investigated in many studies. For example, Jasmonate (JA) influences stamen development [5,6], Auxin 2,4-D can reactivate the pistillodes in the staminate flower of date palm, and other hormones can reverse the staminode in the pistillate flower to form fertile stamens [7]. Among these elements, a key hormone in floral opening is gibberellin (GA). In a GA-deficient mutant, ga1-3, the floral organs were severely retarded, in particular in the petals and stamens, whereas the forms of the flower’s primordia are not affected [8]. Nevertheless, although the molecular mechanisms of phytohormones have been extensively studied in multiple organs of model and non-model plants, the involvements of the differently structured florets in the single capitulum are not yet understood.Recently, the transcriptome of G. hybrida was established from the high-throughput sequencing of expressed cDNAs, and the expression profiling of different tissues at various flower stages was also constructed using a microarray strategy [3,9]. After integrating the information obtained from these expression profiles and thoroughly researching a few MADS-box paralogs, an ABCDE model of G. hybrida floral development was constructed in 2006 [1,10,11]. However, because this profiling was restricted by se.