Ast cells is the release of preformed granules immediately following BTZ043 site stimulation. Like other vesicular trafficking steps, mast cell degranulation is mediated by complex pathways. It has been shown in previous studies that the binding of STXBP1 to SNARE proteins is sufficient to prime membrane fusion [50]. It has also been shown that deletion of STXBP1 abolishes exocytosis at neuronal synapses [39] and in platelets [22,41], and other SM family proteins, such as STXBP2 and STXBP3 are involved in mast cell degranulation [9]. Given the importance of STXBP1 in the interaction with SNARE complexes, one might expect that mast cell degranulation would be impaired in the absence of STXBP1. However, in the current study we did not observe any impairment of mast cell degranulation, suggesting that the mast cell degranulation process might be regulated by SM family members other than STXBP1. A redundant system of STXBPs inmast cells, permitting normal exocytosis in mast cells in 
the absence of STXBP1, seems likely. A possible mechanism for such redundancy could be STXBP2 (Munc18-2) which was shown to be overexpressed in mast cells and regulate mast cell degranulation by binding to SYNTAX 2/SNARE23 [40]. Another major effector mechanism employed by mast cells is to activate a series of signaling cascades, which lead to the production of various cytokines and chemokines, and regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses [1]. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of STXBP1 in neuronal cells [44] and STXBP3 and syntaxin 4 in endothelial cells [45] promotes STXBP-syntaxin dissociation, thereby facilitating vesicular fusion. Phosphorylation of syntaxins, STXBP and SNAP-23 is catalyzed by kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) [45,46]. Additionally, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and PI3K are involved in mast cell degranulation with potential roles in phosphorylation of target membrane SNARE complex proteins [47]. Altogether this suggests that SNARE complex proteins may be involved in intracellular signaling mechanisms. In our study, we examined the activation of various signaling pathways including MAP kinases JNK, p38, Erk1/2, Akt (PI3K), PKG, IkB-NFkB, as well as NFAT, that are activated following the cross-linking of FceRI. However, we did not find any impairment in any of these pathways in STXBP12/2 mast cells. Our previous data revealed a regulatory role for the transcriptional factor Egr1 in mast cell activation [38,48]. However we did not observe any difference in Egr1 transcriptional activity between STXBP1+/+ and STXBP12/ 2 mast cells. Moreover, STXBP1-deficient mast cells showed no major impairment in cytokine and chemokine production. Reconstitution of STXBP1+/+ and STXBP12/2 mast cells into Wsh mice showed a similar results that STXBP1 deficiency has no effect on IgE-medated HIF-2��-IN-1 allergic reaction. Our data suggest that although STXBP1 together with all other members of SM family are expressed in BMMCs and LMCs, STXBP1 deficiency has no effect on mast cell maturation and IgE-dependent mast cell activation in viro and in vivo. These findings suggest eitherSTXBP1 Is Not Required for Allergyfunctional redundancy in STXBPs in mast cells, or that an unknown function for STXBP1 in mast cells may yet exist.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TJL ZW. Performed the experiments: ZW AJM. Analyzed the data: ZW AJM JNB TJL. Wrote the paper: ZW AJM JNB TJL.
Influenza A viruses (family Orthomyxoviridae) continue.Ast cells is the release of preformed granules immediately following stimulation. Like other vesicular trafficking steps, mast cell degranulation is mediated by complex pathways. It has been shown in previous studies that the binding of STXBP1 to SNARE proteins is sufficient to prime membrane fusion [50]. It has also been shown that deletion of STXBP1 abolishes exocytosis at neuronal synapses [39] and in platelets [22,41], and other SM family proteins, such as STXBP2 and STXBP3 are involved in mast cell degranulation [9]. Given the importance of STXBP1 in the interaction with SNARE complexes, one might expect that mast cell degranulation would be impaired in the absence of STXBP1. However, in the current study we did not observe any impairment of mast cell degranulation, suggesting that the mast cell degranulation process might be regulated by SM family members other than STXBP1. A redundant system of STXBPs inmast cells, permitting normal exocytosis in mast cells in the absence of STXBP1, seems likely. A possible mechanism for such redundancy could be STXBP2 (Munc18-2) which was shown to be overexpressed in mast cells and regulate mast cell degranulation by binding to SYNTAX 2/SNARE23 [40]. Another major effector mechanism employed by mast cells is to activate a series of signaling cascades, which lead to the production of various cytokines and chemokines, and regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses [1]. Previous studies have demonstrated 
that phosphorylation of STXBP1 in neuronal cells [44] and STXBP3 and syntaxin 4 in endothelial cells [45] promotes STXBP-syntaxin dissociation, thereby facilitating vesicular fusion. Phosphorylation of syntaxins, STXBP and SNAP-23 is catalyzed by kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) [45,46]. Additionally, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and PI3K are involved in mast cell degranulation with potential roles in phosphorylation of target membrane SNARE complex proteins [47]. Altogether this suggests that SNARE complex proteins may be involved in intracellular signaling mechanisms. In our study, we examined the activation of various signaling pathways including MAP kinases JNK, p38, Erk1/2, Akt (PI3K), PKG, IkB-NFkB, as well as NFAT, that are activated following the cross-linking of FceRI. However, we did not find any impairment in any of these pathways in STXBP12/2 mast cells. Our previous data revealed a regulatory role for the transcriptional factor Egr1 in mast cell activation [38,48]. However we did not observe any difference in Egr1 transcriptional activity between STXBP1+/+ and STXBP12/ 2 mast cells. Moreover, STXBP1-deficient mast cells showed no major impairment in cytokine and chemokine production. Reconstitution of STXBP1+/+ and STXBP12/2 mast cells into Wsh mice showed a similar results that STXBP1 deficiency has no effect on IgE-medated allergic reaction. Our data suggest that although STXBP1 together with all other members of SM family are expressed in BMMCs and LMCs, STXBP1 deficiency has no effect on mast cell maturation and IgE-dependent mast cell activation in viro and in vivo. These findings suggest eitherSTXBP1 Is Not Required for Allergyfunctional redundancy in STXBPs in mast cells, or that an unknown function for STXBP1 in mast cells may yet exist.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TJL ZW. Performed the experiments: ZW AJM. Analyzed the data: ZW AJM JNB TJL. Wrote the paper: ZW AJM JNB TJL.
Influenza A viruses (family Orthomyxoviridae) continue.