And II (474.7 ), respectively; d13CSOM and d13CROC are d13C of SOMResults 1. Stable carbon signature of rice plantsThe d13C of rice plants in the control and RS treatments were almost constant with time (Fig. 1). Rice plants in the RS treatmentsSources of Methane Production in Rice Fieldswere enriched in d13C by about 5 compared with the control. The d13C of rice plants was consistently higher in treatment II than in treatment I, but the difference was not significant.4. Rates and d13C of CH4 and CO2 produced in planted and Felypressin unplanted microcosmsAt each time of sampling, soil cores were collected from microcosms with and without rice plants, in order to determine the rates and the d13C of the CH4 and CO2 produced. Depending on the microcosm tested, CH4 and CO2 were produced from ROC (planted microcosms), SOM (all microcosms) and RS (RS-treated microcosms). In the planted control without RS treatment, CH4 production rates increased steadily during the vegetation period (Fig. 5A). However, treatment with RS resulted in further increase of CH4 production rates. In the unplanted microcosms, CH4 production rates were also enhanced by RS treatments but were lower than in the planted microcosms with RS treatment. The d13C of produced CH4 was similar in the planted and unplanted control microcosms without RS (Fig. 4C). Treatment with RS resulted in increase of d13C Emixustat (hydrochloride) site values of produced CH4, which was higher in treatment II than treatment I. However, the increase was less in the planted than in the unplanted microcosms (Fig. 4C). The rates of CO2 production were constant over the vegetation period in the planted microcosms and were similar for the treatments with and without RS, but were at least twice as high in planted as in unplanted microcosms (Fig. 5B). The d13C values of CO2 exhibited a similar pattern with respect to vegetation period and treatment as that of CH4, but the values were generally higher (Fig. 4D).2. Rates and d13C of CH4 emitted from planted microcosmsIn the rice microcosms without addition of RS, CH4 emission rates increased from the tillering stage (day 41) to the booting stage (day 55) and peaked at the flowering stage (day 70), then decreased again till the ripening stage (day 90) (Fig. 2A). Application of rice straw increased CH4 emission rates throughout the growth period, but particularly during tillering and booting stage (Fig. 2A). The d13C of the emitted CH4 became gradually more negative during the cultivation period in all the treatments (Fig. 2B). The d13C of CH4 was substantially higher in RS treatment II . RS treatment I . control, especially during 
the tillering stage (Fig. 2B).3. Concentrations and d13C values of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in pore waterConcentrations and d13C values of dissolved CH4 and CO2 were similar in the pore water sampled from 3 cm and 9 cm soil depth. Therefore, only the data from the 9-cm soil layer are 1326631 shown (Fig. 3, 4A and B). In the planted microcosms, CH4 concentrations increased steadily from the beginning until the ripening stage. Application of rice straw resulted in elevated CH4 concentrations in the beginning but subsequently became similar to the control (Fig. 3A). The d13C 
values of the CH4 dissolved in planted and unplanted microcosms were similar with each other in both RS treatments at tillering stage (Fig. 4A). However, while d13C values decreased with time in the planted microcosms, they did not decrease much in the unplanted microcosms. The d13C of the dissolved CH4 was con.And II (474.7 ), respectively; d13CSOM and d13CROC are d13C of SOMResults 1. Stable carbon signature of rice plantsThe d13C of rice plants in the control and RS treatments were almost constant with time (Fig. 1). Rice plants in the RS treatmentsSources of Methane Production in Rice Fieldswere enriched in d13C by about 5 compared with the control. The d13C of rice plants was consistently higher in treatment II than in treatment I, but the difference was not significant.4. Rates and d13C of CH4 and CO2 produced in planted and unplanted microcosmsAt each time of sampling, soil cores were collected from microcosms with and without rice plants, in order to determine the rates and the d13C of the CH4 and CO2 produced. Depending on the microcosm tested, CH4 and CO2 were produced from ROC (planted microcosms), SOM (all microcosms) and RS (RS-treated microcosms). In the planted control without RS treatment, CH4 production rates increased steadily during the vegetation period (Fig. 5A). However, treatment with RS resulted in further increase of CH4 production rates. In the unplanted microcosms, CH4 production rates were also enhanced by RS treatments but were lower than in the planted microcosms with RS treatment. The d13C of produced CH4 was similar in the planted and unplanted control microcosms without RS (Fig. 4C). Treatment with RS resulted in increase of d13C values of produced CH4, which was higher in treatment II than treatment I. However, the increase was less in the planted than in the unplanted microcosms (Fig. 4C). The rates of CO2 production were constant over the vegetation period in the planted microcosms and were similar for the treatments with and without RS, but were at least twice as high in planted as in unplanted microcosms (Fig. 5B). The d13C values of CO2 exhibited a similar pattern with respect to vegetation period and treatment as that of CH4, but the values were generally higher (Fig. 4D).2. Rates and d13C of CH4 emitted from planted microcosmsIn the rice microcosms without addition of RS, CH4 emission rates increased from the tillering stage (day 41) to the booting stage (day 55) and peaked at the flowering stage (day 70), then decreased again till the ripening stage (day 90) (Fig. 2A). Application of rice straw increased CH4 emission rates throughout the growth period, but particularly during tillering and booting stage (Fig. 2A). The d13C of the emitted CH4 became gradually more negative during the cultivation period in all the treatments (Fig. 2B). The d13C of CH4 was substantially higher in RS treatment II . RS treatment I . control, especially during the tillering stage (Fig. 2B).3. Concentrations and d13C values of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in pore waterConcentrations and d13C values of dissolved CH4 and CO2 were similar in the pore water sampled from 3 cm and 9 cm soil depth. Therefore, only the data from the 9-cm soil layer are 1326631 shown (Fig. 3, 4A and B). In the planted microcosms, CH4 concentrations increased steadily from the beginning until the ripening stage. Application of rice straw resulted in elevated CH4 concentrations in the beginning but subsequently became similar to the control (Fig. 3A). The d13C values of the CH4 dissolved in planted and unplanted microcosms were similar with each other in both RS treatments at tillering stage (Fig. 4A). However, while d13C values decreased with time in the planted microcosms, they did not decrease much in the unplanted microcosms. The d13C of the dissolved CH4 was con.