Ibility to localized clinical stage, well order DprE1-IN-2 differentiated and poorly differentiated RCC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of the premiR-27a rs895819 polymorphism in the risk of RCC. Nowadays, increasing studies have suggested that miRNAs, which play an important role in cancer progress as tumor oncogenes or tumor suppressors are involved in crucial biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation [12,21]. Genetic variations in miRNAs have been reported to be related with many tumors, such as breast cancer [22], gastric cancer [23], colorectal cancer [24] and lung cancer [15]. Though SNPs in miRNAs have been widely studied, the association between SNPs in miRNAs and renal cell cancer risk remains still unknown. Horikawa et al. defined 7 SNPs in 7 premiRNAs, and 10 SNPs in 8 pri-miRNAs, but none of them had a significant influence on RCC risk [25]. Nevertheless, Horikawa et al. suggested that genetic polymorphisms of the miRNA-machinery genes might affect RCC susceptibility individually and jointly.pre-miR-27a Polymorphism and RCC RiskTable 2. Genotype and allele frequencies of rs895819 polymorphism among cases and controls and the associations with RCC risk.GenotypesCases n 56.2 35.9 7.9 43.8 25.Controls n 288 262 50 312 362 48.0 43.7 8.3 52.0 30.Crude OR (95 CI)Adjusted OR (95 CI)aPbAA AG GG AG/GG G allele Ptrend334 213 47 2601.00 (reference) 0.70 (0.55?.89) 0.81 (0.53?.24) 0.72 (0.57?.90) 0.81 (0.67?.97)1.00 (reference) 0.68 (0.53?.87) 0.78 (0.51?.21) 0.71 (0.56?.90) 0.002 0.274 0.004 0.019 0.Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking status, diabetes and hypertension in logistic regression model. Two-sided x2 test for either genotype distribution or allele frequency. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046566.tbaSNP rs895819 was found in pre-miRNA regions of hsa-miR27a, which was in chromosome 19, and it was located at position 40 relative to the first nucleotide. It has been reported that a variation causing structural change in the crucial region of miRNA could affect the maturation and the process of miRNA [26,27]. We used the RNA-fold program to predict the most stable secondary structural of pre-miR-27a with two different sequences, but the G variation of rs895819 affected neither the conformation nor the free energy of pre-miR-27a (data not shown). In a word, theprocessing and maturation of miRNA was more complex and subtle than 
predicted. Zeng et al. observed that Drosha selectively cleaves RNA hairpins bearing a large terminal loop. When the loop is shortened by mutation or deletions, the maturation process will be impaired [28]. According to the predicted structure of premiR-27a, rs895819 is located in the center of the terminal loop, the rs895819 A.G transition may reduce the size of the loop. Consequently the cleavage by Drosha would be blocked, and the maturation process is thereby inhibited. In conclusion, rsTable 3. Stratification analyses between the SR-3029 chemical information Genotypes of rs895819 polymorphism and RCC risk.Genotypes (cases/controls) Variables Cases/controls AA 16574785 n Total Age (years) #57 .57 BMI ,24 24 Sex Male Female 
Smoking status Never Ever Drinking status Never Ever Hypertension No Yes Diabetes No YesaAG/GG 56.2/48.0 n 260/312 43.8/52.AG/GG versus AA Crude OR (95 CI)AG/GG versus AA Adjusted OR (95 CI)aPa594/334/305/300 289/164/118 170/53.8/39.3 58.8/56.141/182 119/46.2/60.7 41.2/43.0.56 (0.40?.77) 0.92 (0.66?.27)0.56 (0.40?.78) 0.93 (0.67?.30)0.001 0.292/326.Ibility to localized clinical stage, well differentiated and poorly differentiated RCC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of the premiR-27a rs895819 polymorphism in the risk of RCC. Nowadays, increasing studies have suggested that miRNAs, which play an important role in cancer progress as tumor oncogenes or tumor suppressors are involved in crucial biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation [12,21]. Genetic variations in miRNAs have been reported to be related with many tumors, such as breast cancer [22], gastric cancer [23], colorectal cancer [24] and lung cancer [15]. Though SNPs in miRNAs have been widely studied, the association between SNPs in miRNAs and renal cell cancer risk remains still unknown. Horikawa et al. defined 7 SNPs in 7 premiRNAs, and 10 SNPs in 8 pri-miRNAs, but none of them had a significant influence on RCC risk [25]. Nevertheless, Horikawa et al. suggested that genetic polymorphisms of the miRNA-machinery genes might affect RCC susceptibility individually and jointly.pre-miR-27a Polymorphism and RCC RiskTable 2. Genotype and allele frequencies of rs895819 polymorphism among cases and controls and the associations with RCC risk.GenotypesCases n 56.2 35.9 7.9 43.8 25.Controls n 288 262 50 312 362 48.0 43.7 8.3 52.0 30.Crude OR (95 CI)Adjusted OR (95 CI)aPbAA AG GG AG/GG G allele Ptrend334 213 47 2601.00 (reference) 0.70 (0.55?.89) 0.81 (0.53?.24) 0.72 (0.57?.90) 0.81 (0.67?.97)1.00 (reference) 0.68 (0.53?.87) 0.78 (0.51?.21) 0.71 (0.56?.90) 0.002 0.274 0.004 0.019 0.Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking status, diabetes and hypertension in logistic regression model. Two-sided x2 test for either genotype distribution or allele frequency. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046566.tbaSNP rs895819 was found in pre-miRNA regions of hsa-miR27a, which was in chromosome 19, and it was located at position 40 relative to the first nucleotide. It has been reported that a variation causing structural change in the crucial region of miRNA could affect the maturation and the process of miRNA [26,27]. We used the RNA-fold program to predict the most stable secondary structural of pre-miR-27a with two different sequences, but the G variation of rs895819 affected neither the conformation nor the free energy of pre-miR-27a (data not shown). In a word, theprocessing and maturation of miRNA was more complex and subtle than predicted. Zeng et al. observed that Drosha selectively cleaves RNA hairpins bearing a large terminal loop. When the loop is shortened by mutation or deletions, the maturation process will be impaired [28]. According to the predicted structure of premiR-27a, rs895819 is located in the center of the terminal loop, the rs895819 A.G transition may reduce the size of the loop. Consequently the cleavage by Drosha would be blocked, and the maturation process is thereby inhibited. In conclusion, rsTable 3. Stratification analyses between the genotypes of rs895819 polymorphism and RCC risk.Genotypes (cases/controls) Variables Cases/controls AA 16574785 n Total Age (years) #57 .57 BMI ,24 24 Sex Male Female Smoking status Never Ever Drinking status Never Ever Hypertension No Yes Diabetes No YesaAG/GG 56.2/48.0 n 260/312 43.8/52.AG/GG versus AA Crude OR (95 CI)AG/GG versus AA Adjusted OR (95 CI)aPa594/334/305/300 289/164/118 170/53.8/39.3 58.8/56.141/182 119/46.2/60.7 41.2/43.0.56 (0.40?.77) 0.92 (0.66?.27)0.56 (0.40?.78) 0.93 (0.67?.30)0.001 0.292/326.