Y understood. LB mouse model with inbred arthritis prone C3H mice is a widely used model system. Using this model it has been shown that several PX105684 supplier borrelial surfacePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121512 March 27,13 /DbpA and B Promote Arthritis and Post-Treatment Persistence in Micemolecules, like basic membrane proteins A and B (BmpA and B) [28], and a recently discovered outer membrane protein BBA57 [29] participate in the genesis of murine Lyme arthritis suggesting that it is a multifactorial process. In addition, the role of DbpA has been studied in the context of joint colonization and arthritogenicity [21, 22]. The results by Fortune and others show that a knock out strain without DbpA and B expression does not infect mice at all, and that the expression of DbpA on B. burgdorferi was sufficient to restore infectivity and joint colonization. In contrast, the results of Lin and co-workers suggest that also the dbpA/B knock out strain is infectious in mice. They further show that the knock out strain expressing DbpA of B. burgdorferi colonizes tibiotarsal joint more than the knock out strain, and that the histologically evaluated joint inflammation score is higher in mice infected with this strain. Our results concerning the infectivity of the dbpA/B knock out strain are in line with the results by Lin and others, since also the strain used by us colonizes several mouse tissues including the tibiotarsal joint. In fact, our qPCR results of joint samples at week 15 indicate that the bacterial load does not differ between dbpAB/dbpAB and dbpAB infected mice. Also, antibodies against the whole cell antigen were similarly increased in mice infected with the two different strains. In general, our observations are in line with the results of Imai and co-workers who demonstrated that the early dissemination defect of dbpA/B deficient B. burgdorferi is abolished during the later stages of the infection [30]. In the present study, the arthritogenicity of B. burgdorferi strains in mice was evaluated primarily by measuring the diameter of the tibiotarsal joints. Using this approach it was evident that B. burgdorferi strains expressing either DbpA or B alone are not arthritogenic. Clearly, both DbpA and B are needed for full arthritis development since the joint diameter of dbpAB infected mice remained at the background level until week 9 and showed slight increase only during weeks 10 to 15. The inflammation was evident also in the histological evaluation of joints of dbpAB/dbpAB infected mice. The reason for the somewhat discrepant results between us and the studies by Fortune et al. and Lin et al. could be the use of different B. burgdorferi strains, in which the dbpAB deletion was generated, and the different sources of the dbpA and B genes used to construct the DbpA and B expressing strains. It is becoming increasingly clear that in B. burgdorferi infected and antibiotic treated mice some sort of bacterial remnants may persist [5, 8, 9, 24, 31]. On the other hand, Liang and others have shown, using decorin knockout mice, that DbpA expressing B. burgdorferi are protected against mature immune PXD101 site response in foci with high decorin expression, like the joint tissue [23]. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the same niche is able to protect B. burgdorferi against antibiotic treatment. The results show that, indeed, only bacteria that express DbpA and B adhesins uniformly persist after ceftriaxone treatment (either at two or six w.Y understood. LB mouse model with inbred arthritis prone C3H mice is a widely used model system. Using this model it has been shown that several borrelial surfacePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121512 March 27,13 /DbpA and B Promote Arthritis and Post-Treatment Persistence in Micemolecules, like basic membrane proteins A and B (BmpA and B) [28], and a recently discovered outer membrane protein BBA57 [29] participate in the genesis of murine Lyme arthritis suggesting that it is a multifactorial process. In addition, the role of DbpA has been studied in the context of joint colonization and arthritogenicity [21, 22]. The results by Fortune and others show that a knock out strain without DbpA and B expression does not infect mice at all, and that the expression of DbpA on B. burgdorferi was sufficient to restore infectivity and joint colonization. In contrast, the results of Lin and co-workers suggest that also the dbpA/B knock out strain is infectious in mice. They further show that the knock out strain expressing DbpA of B. burgdorferi colonizes tibiotarsal joint more than the knock out strain, and that the histologically evaluated joint inflammation score is higher in mice infected with this strain. Our results concerning the infectivity of the dbpA/B knock out strain are in line with the results by Lin and others, since also the strain used by us colonizes several mouse tissues including the tibiotarsal joint. In fact, our qPCR results of joint samples at week 15 indicate that the bacterial load does not differ between dbpAB/dbpAB and dbpAB infected mice. Also, antibodies against the whole cell antigen were similarly increased in mice infected with the two different strains. In general, our observations are in line with the results of Imai and co-workers who demonstrated that the early dissemination defect of dbpA/B deficient B. burgdorferi is abolished during the later stages of the infection [30]. In the present study, the arthritogenicity of B. burgdorferi strains in mice was evaluated primarily by measuring the diameter of the tibiotarsal joints. Using this approach it was evident that B. burgdorferi strains expressing either DbpA or B alone are not arthritogenic. Clearly, both DbpA and B are needed for full arthritis development since the joint diameter of dbpAB infected mice remained at the background level until week 9 and showed slight increase only during weeks 10 to 15. The inflammation was evident also in the histological evaluation of joints of dbpAB/dbpAB infected mice. The reason for the somewhat discrepant results between us and the studies by Fortune et al. and Lin et al. could be the use of different B. burgdorferi strains, in which the dbpAB deletion was generated, and the different sources of the dbpA and B genes used to construct the DbpA and B expressing strains. It is becoming increasingly clear that in B. burgdorferi infected and antibiotic treated mice some sort of bacterial remnants may persist [5, 8, 9, 24, 31]. On the other hand, Liang and others have shown, using decorin knockout mice, that DbpA expressing B. burgdorferi are protected against mature immune response in foci with high decorin expression, like the joint tissue [23]. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the same niche is able to protect B. burgdorferi against antibiotic treatment. The results show that, indeed, only bacteria that express DbpA and B adhesins uniformly persist after ceftriaxone treatment (either at two or six w.