Hat a looming stimulus and LC activation evoke extremely comparable coordinated behavioral sequences,which consist of wing elevation,middle leg extension and initiation of flight. Time stamp is set at ms for the frame of takeoff. Unfavorable and positive values are for frames ahead of and after takeoff,respectively. (D) Notched box plots displaying the duration of your takeoff sequence measured because the time from the initial moment of wing movement to the last moment of tarsal make contact with together with the ground immediately after the stimulus (MannWhitney test,p. among looming and LC activation,and p. between LC activation and no stimulus). (E) Representative video images in the singlefly assay showing that a looming stimulus and LC activation evoke extremely comparable backward Amezinium (methylsulfate) walking behaviors. Time stamp is set at ms for the start off of backward walking. (F) Total distance flies walked on the platform from the singlefly assay. Positive and adverse values are for forward and backward walking,respectively (MannWhitney test,p. Figure continued on next pageWu et al. eLife ;:e. DOI: .eLife. ofResearch report Figure continuedNeurosciencebetween looming and LC activation,and p. amongst LC activation and no stimulus). Scale bars represent mm (A) or mm (B). DOI: .eLife The following figure supplement is accessible for figure : Figure supplement . Behavioral consequences of silencing LC and LC by Kir. expression. DOI: .eLifeABcentral brain LC LC LC optic lobeiLCLCLCRaw fluorescencestimulus situation LC LC LC LC LC LC FF ss object position FFstimulus (RV ms) timecourseFigure . LC and LC,but not LC,respond to visual looming stimuli with robust calcium increases. (A) Visual stimuli evoked calcium responses of LC neurons were imaged in headfixed flies. (B) The axon terminals of LC cells bundle to kind celltype specific glomeruli (subset shown in C). We imaged from a single glomerulus by utilizing spiltGAL lines labeling individual celltypes (LC,LC or LC). Representative regions for calcium imaging experiments are marked using the yellow dashed rectangles. Exemplary responses of LC,LC and LC to a slow dark looming disk are shown (C; each single frame taken in the peak response of an individual fly,distinct genotypes have been utilized to image from every single glomerulus). (D) LC,LC and LC responses to looming visual stimuli are PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018540 shown for 3 variants on the stimulus (from top rated to bottom: dark looming disk,bright looming disk,luminancematched) expanding at rv ms (n per genotype). Error bars indicate mean SEM. Statistics have been performed on imply DFF for the duration of a time window in which the response peaks ( s before and after the looming stimulus stops expanding). (E) As a comparison to looming stimuli,we also presented moving object stimuli that include neighborhood motion which is distinct from looming. LC responds strongly for the motion with the compact ( spot,but not the extended bar ( moving object. The objects moved at .s,starting left on the visual midline and stopping towards the appropriate on the midline. Statistics were performed on mean DFF throughout the entire stimulus epoch. DOI: .eLife The following figure supplement is accessible for figure : Figure supplement . LC and LC are tuned to slower looming speeds. DOI: .eLifeWu et al. eLife ;:e. DOI: .eLife. ofResearch articleNeuroscienceFigure . Behavioral responses to unilateral LC neuron stimulation differ from bilateral activation behaviors and are directional. (A) Schematic illustration of a genetic technique for stochastic labeling and activation of LC neurons. A `stopcassette’ reporter (pJFRCX.