Up in the course of the competition than for the duration of the neutral session (neutral outgroup Z p .; unknown outgroup Z p .; antagonistic outgroup Z p .; n ).Figure shows imply cooperation rates with all teams in both sessions.Also, Table lists all imply cooperation prices at the same time as the behavioral modify in cooperation prices for the duration of the competitors as in SC66 Akt comparison to the neutral context ( context cooperation rate competitioncooperation price neutral session).Thinking of a achievable impact of testosterone on this parochial pattern, a trend for any positive correlation involving testosterone as well as the cooperation prices with all the ingroup for the duration of the competitors was found (Rho p onesided).This partnership was much more pronounced regarding the effect of context as described by the alter in cooperation in the competitors for the neutral session [i.e context (ingroup) Rho p onesided].Correlations areFIGURE Cooperation prices in the prisoner’s dilemma.Cooperation rates decreased with increasing social distance for the opposing player’s group.The group competitors context further accentuated this parochial pattern resulting in improved cooperation prices with ingroup members whereas outgroup cooperation decreased (p p ).Error bars indicate typical errors from imply (SEM).depicted in Figure .In contrast to that, there had been no equivalent correlations with ingroup cooperation for the duration of the neutral session (Rho p ) PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21529310 or using the overall ingroup cooperation price across each sessions (Rho p ).To further investigate the impact of testosterone on parochial altruism, we compared the testosterone levels between subjects displaying an increased ingroup bias in the course of the competition and subjects that didn’t differentiate a lot amongst the distinctive teams (i.e the “parochialists” as in comparison with the “individualists”).Testosterone levels of the parochialists have been drastically higher than those of individualists [t p d .; testosterone concentrations [mean sem] parochialists ..pgml, individualists ..pgml].Figure shows mean testosterone concentrations of each groups.Please also refer to Table to seek out imply cooperation rates of parochialists and individualists in comparison with those on the entire sample.Interestingly, by following their strategy of increased outgroup hostility and ingroup favoritism parochialists nevertheless accomplished fewer total payoffs in the competition than individualists [t p d .; total points [mean sem] parochialists ..points, individualists ..points].This was also reflected by higher all round cooperation prices of parochialists for the duration of the competitors when compared with the individualists (U p .; general cooperation price [mean sem] parochialists . individualists ..).DiscussionThe aim with the present study was to resolve the contradiction regarding the behavioral effects of testosterone (prosocial vs.antisocial) by taking into consideration two added things, namely groupFrontiers in Neuroscience www.frontiersin.orgJune Volume ArticleReimers and DiekhofTestosterone enhances male parochial altruismTABLE Cooperation prices inside the prisoner’s dilemma.Group Sample Neutral session Mean cooperation price [] SEM Competition Contextual difference of cooperation prices ( context competitiveneutral session) Ingroup All Parochialists Individualists Neutral outgroup All Parochialists Individualists Unknown outgroup All Parochialists Individualists Antagonistic outgroup All Parochialists Individualists …….. …………………………………………………