RotsCarlos E. Calzada Preston and Stephen PruettJones Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 1630248Citation: Calzada Preston, C.E.; PruettJones, S. The Quantity and Distribution of Introduced and Naturalized Parrots. Diversity 2021, 13, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ d13090412 Academic Editors: Michael Wink, JosL. Tella, Guillermo Blanco and Martina Carrete Received: 15 June 2021 Accepted: 26 August 2021 Published: 29 AugustAbstract: Parrots have already been transported and traded by humans for a minimum of the last 2000 years and this trade continues unabated nowadays. This transport of species has involved the majority of recognized parrot species (300 of 382 species). Inevitably, some alien species either escape captivity or are released and could establish breeding populations within the novel region. With respect to parrots, established but alien populations are becoming prevalent in several components of your globe. In this overview, we try to estimate the total quantity of parrot species introduced in to the wild in nonHEPACAM Protein MedChemExpress native regions and assess how a lot of of those have selfsustaining breeding populations. Based the public databases GAVIA, eBird, and iNaturalist, 166 species of Psittaciformes have been introduced (observed inside the wild) into 120 countries or territories outdoors of the native variety. Of these, 60 species are naturalized, and an further 11 species are breeding in at the least a single country outside of their native variety (86 nations or territories total). The Roseringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) are the most broadly distributed and thriving of the introduced parrots, being naturalized in 47 and 26 countries or territories, respectively. Far and away, the United states of america and its territories assistance the greatest number of naturalized parrots, with 28 different species found in either the continental US, or Hawaii or Puerto Rico. Naturalized species too as urbanized native species of parrots are likely to continue rising in numbers and geographical range, and detailed research are necessary to both confirm species richness in every area at the same time mitigate prospective ecological impacts and conflicts with humans. Search phrases: naturalized parrots; introduced species; invasive species; planet parrot trade; invasion biology1. Introduction Parrots have already been transported and traded by humans for at the very least the last 2000 years and this trade continues nowadays [1]. Cardador et al. [2] summarized trade data offered via the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES [3]) and documented that through the 20year period 1975 to 2015, additional than 19 million person parrots of 336 species had been legally traded among nations. This involved an average of extra than half a million birds every single year, with all the parrot trade representing approximately 25 of all legal bird trade [2]. Inevitably, some men and women of introduced alien species either escape captivity and/or are accidentally or purposefully released and may well commence breeding in the wild inside the novel location [4,5]. Parrots are no exception and released or escaped parrots are typically fairly thriving at surviving in the wild in new places. More than time, if a productive breeding population is established, the species will be regarded naturalized in that region. In some cases, the new populations can expand swiftly and develop exponent.