Right here to one another and to the surface with the support, through the formation of a coherent and homogeneous film. The function with the binder consists, as a result, in maintaining the pigment particles firmly with each other and in the same time adhering them within the kind of a coherent thin film towards the surface of the help. The binder need to definitely be in the fluid state, in order to form using the pigments a steady, homogeneous, stretchy, and viscous dough. The decision from the type of medium utilized to paint the wall is dependent upon a variety of elements, like the kind of pigment chosen, the historical period and also the geographical location. Particular chemical, physical and optical properties are expected for the binder, in order to fully perform its function and they can be summarized as follows:Cohesive and adhesive: to enable the cohesion of pigment grains and their adhesion for the help within the kind of a thin film, adherent and SN-011 Biological Activity effectively constant to the surface. For this purpose, the painting medium will have to as a result possess filmogenic properties, inAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,four oforder to make with pigments a homogeneous fluid, with a ideal degree of viscosity, in such a way as to become laid very easily; just after Riodoxol Protocol application it should have the property of drying within a solid, resistant, non-sticky and elastic layer, to ensure that it may last over time. The stability of this suspension need to also be left to completed and dried paint. Chemicals: the binder need to not react chemically with the pigment, nor solubilize it; it have to also possess a high resistance to photochemical reactions, atmospheric chemical compounds and all those substances that could bring about its degradation. Protective: to isolate pigment particles from the atmosphere preventing their alteration. Optics: transparency and absence of color are the principal qualities that an excellent binder must possess, so as to not drastically alter the optical characteristics in the pigment.The principal supplies utilised as binder in archeological wall paintings were organic, based on proteinaceous, lipidic, glucidic or waxy material. The proteinaceous supplies most used in the artistic field as pictorial binders in tempera approach, at the same time as protective, adhesive and consolidating, are obtained in the following materials: egg, which can be used either whole, or separately yolk (red) or egg white (white); animal glues, extracted from scraps of animal skins and other cartilage components (skin glue), mammalian bones (bone glue) and various parts of fish (fish glue); milk and casein. Essentially the most widely made use of polysaccharidic materials in the artistic field refer to sugary substances deriving from vegetable gum exudates, honey, steeds and starches contained in cereal seeds, tubers and other parts of green plants. The varieties of vegetal gums most used historically had been: arabic gum, tragacanth gum and gum from fruit plants. Within this regard, Pliny the Elder reports “… it also indicates rubber glue and for Egypt’s best tragacanth rubber; then the 1 extracted from almonds, cherries, plums” [6]. Glycerolipids, oils and fats, are a heterogeneous class of natural organic compounds of both plant and animal origin. The term “oils” refers to liquid materials at space temperature; the term “fat” to solid or semi-solid ones. Among each of the substances with filmogenic qualities are of certain significance inside the field of pictorial strategies and they mostly contain triglycerides, that may be, esters of glycerin with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in long linear chains. The princ.