21, 11,11 ofFD&C RED NO. 40 In stock Figure 8. Experimental and simulated pressure train curve of Al 6061-T6 at
21, 11,11 ofFigure 8. Experimental and simulated anxiety train curve of Al 6061-T6 at strain rate of (a) 1 10-3 s-1 (b) five 102 s-1 (c) five 103 s-1 (d) 1 104 s-1 . Table three. Simulated and experimental tensile properties at distinctive temperature and strain. UTS (MPa) Situation Temperature 293K 423K 573K 673K 293K 423K 573K 673K 293K 423K 573K 673K 293K 423K 573K 673K Experimental [30] 394 348 143 63 339 332 277 137 401 363 290 143 418 379 289 190 Simulated 388 368 307 229 375 355 283 218 398 375 285 233 421 395 292 233 Absolute Error ( ) 1.5 five.7 114.7 263.five 10.6 6.9 two.two 59.1 0.7 3.3 1.7 62.9 0.7 4.two 1 22.six Strain at the Fracture Experimental [30] 34.8 28.four 37.7 40.four 6.6 10 ten.four 7.eight 30.1 28 18.three 14.six 33.three 32.two 32.four 27.6 Simulated 39.two 36.five 40.9 41.three ten.two ten.1 10.five 10 28.7 28.2 28.two 29 32.eight 32.1 32.1 35.1 Absolute Error ( ) 12.6 28.five eight.five 2.two 54.five 1 1 28.two four.7 0.7 54.1 98.6 1.5 0.three 0.9 27.110-3 s-5102 s-5103 s-1 104 s-Metals 2021, 11,12 of4.2. Three-Point Bend Test Fracture toughness in the material is measured in terms of many parameters which include stress intensity issue (SIF) (K)) and J integral. K is often a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) parameter. When the pressure intensity factor attains a important value, the crack starts propagating. The crucial SIF for three-point bend test D-Lysine monohydrochloride Biological Activity specimen is calculated in accordance with ASTM regular E399 by [5]: K=PS BW 1.f (s); exactly where s =a Wf (s) = two.9s0.five – 4.6s1.5 + 21.8s2.five – 37.6s3.five + 38.7s4.(16)exactly where P will be the load, S may be the span length, B is the specimen thickness, W will be the specimen width, a is crack length, and f(s) is known as as a compliance function. J integral comes beneath the domain of elastic lastic fracture mechanics, as well as the EPFM approach is directly linked with the crack propagation phase in the ductile material [45]. J integral can be calculated as per ASTM typical 1820-15a working with the following equation [46]: J= 2A Bb (17)exactly where A may be the location beneath load versus crack opening displacement (COD) curve, B is the specimen thickness, b is the length of the unbroken ligament (b = W – a), and B is definitely the width in the specimen. Von Mises stress distributions in the course of various stages of crack propagation are shown in Figure 9. In this simulation, the tensile properties have been employed to predict fracture toughness. The load versus displacement curve obtained from the simulation varies from the curve obtained from the experiments, as shown in Figure 10. However, the fracture toughness obtained from the simulated information is in very good agreement with the experimental values. Mesh sensitivity evaluation was performed by refining mesh size from 1.two mm to 0.5 mm, as shown in Table four, and it reaffirms the mesh independent crack growth capabilities with the XFEM.Figure 9. Von Mises strain distribution at (a) loading (b) crack initiation (c), (d) crack propagation.Metals 2021, 11,13 ofFigure 10. Comparison of experimental and simulated results in a three-point bend test specimen (a) ST (b) CR-25 (c) CR-50 (d) CR-75. Table four. Mesh sensitivity analysis of three-point bend test simulation for ST sample. Element Size (mm) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.two Number of Components 7680 2365 1088 960 519 Pressure Intensity Element (MPa m1/2 ) 12.93 12.93 12.80 12.78 12.The strain intensity issue of UFG Al 6061 is higher in comparison with the ST. This enhance is contributed for the increase inside the tensile strength on account of the formation of ultrafine grains plus the high dislocation density of UFG samples. As deformation increases, tensile strength increases, and as a res.