Cytosol of the recipient cells. Nucleus (N); mechanisms andinto the cytosolcontent released into Nucleus (N); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); Golgi complicated (G); multivesicular Golgi complex (G); multivesicular (ILVs). endoplasmic reticulum (ER);bodies (MVB); intraluminal vesicles bodies (MVB); intraluminal vesicles4.1. The Case of HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is usually a retrovirus recognized because the etiological agent of 4.1. The Case of HIV Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a progressive pathology that induces a weakening Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus recognized because the etiological agent of from the host immune system. The virus is characterized by two identical copies of a positive-sense Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a progressive pathology that induces a weakening single-stranded-RNA enclosed within a viral nucleocapsid, called a core, that is surrounded by a of the host immune system. The virus is characterized by two identical copies of a positive-sense membrane envelope [86]. The genome codifies for 3 structural protein precursors, Gag, Pol and single-stranded-RNA enclosed within a viral nucleocapsid, known as a core, that is surrounded by a Env, the two regulatory proteins Tat and Rev, along with the four accessory proteins Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu. membrane envelope [86]. The genome codifies for 3 structural protein precursors, Gag, Pol and All these elements differently contribute for the establishment of HIV infection [87]. The main targets of Env, the two regulatory proteins Tat and Rev, and also the four accessory proteins Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu. the virus are the immune cells which include T helper lymphocytes, macrophages, microglial and dendritic All these elements differently contribute to the establishment of HIV infection [87]. The key targets of cells, which express on their plasma membrane the CD4 receptor employed by the virus to bind and enter the virus would be the immune cells for example T helper lymphocytes, macrophages, microglial and dendritic the cells. HIV persists inside the host, top to a progressive impairment with the immune system cells, which express on their plasma membrane the CD4 receptor used by the virus to bind and enter due to the depletion of CD4+ T helper cells, lastly resulting in AIDS [86]. the cells. HIV persists inside the host, major to a progressive impairment from the immune technique because of the depletion of CD4+ T helper cells, ultimately resulting in AIDS [86]. In recent years, distinct research have highlighted the potential roles of EVs in HIV pathogenesis. The virus can reap the benefits of the endomembrane method not just by enhancing the viral biogenesis itself, but also by inducing EV biogenesis modifications. These modifications could involve alterations in cargo composition, the frequency of EV release and targets, thus advertising viral(ILVs).Viruses 2020, 12,6 ofIn current FOR PEER Evaluation Viruses 2020, 12, xyears, distinctive studieshave highlighted the potential roles of EVs in HIV pathogenesis. 6 of 22 The virus can make the most of the endomembrane system not merely by enhancing the viral biogenesis itself, but also by inducing EV biogenesis alterations. These modifications may possibly studies have showed CYP3 Activator Storage & Stability spread, replication, and immune evasion (see Figure 2). Within this respect, differentinvolve alterations in cargo composition, the frequency of EV release and targets, therefore promoting viral spread, replication, how EVs released from infected cells can Caspase Activator Formulation provide the HIV co-receptors CCR5 and CXC.