R and transmembrane domains [1, 2]. In plants, PTI1 play a crucial role in plant defense against bacterial pathogens. It was initial identified in tomato and was demonstrated to especially recognize and interact together with the AvrPto effector protein injected in to the plant cells by the pathogenic bacteria, thereby triggering the downstream defense response [3]. PTI1 commonly includes a kinase domain consisting of 250 to 300 amino acid residues [4], and possess characteristic domains of STKc_IRAK, Pkinase_Tyr, STYKc, and SPS1 [5, 6]. In recent years, PTI1 genes had been broadly identified in several species which include tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) [3, 7], Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) [1, 8], maize (Zea mays) [9, 10], soybean (Glycine max) [11, 12], cucumber (Cucumis sativus) [13] and rice (Oryza sativa) [14]. PTI1 genes in various species and subtypes are involved in distinct processes. In Arabidopsis, PTI1, PTI1, PTI1, PTI1 and PTI1 were reported to interact with protein kinase OXIDATIVE SIGNAL INDUCIBLE1 (OXI1) and are phosphorylated by OXI1 in response to phosphatidic acid (PAs), H2O2, flg22, and xylanase [8, 15]. Moreover, PTI1/PTI1 responds to oxidative stress by way of OXI1-PTI1/PTI1 pathway [1, 8]. Abiotic tension activated PTI1 also enhances the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress-responsive genes [1]. OXI1-PTI1 can also be involved within the activation with the MAPK signaling pathway, which in turn responds to oxidative and biotic stresses [8, 16]. AtPTI1 knockout considerably impacts the development of pollen tubes resulting in male gametophyte sterility [15]. Tomato SlPTI1 interacts with and is activated by Pto, which regulates downstream signal transduction upon pathogen invasion [3, 17]. You will find four members with the PTI1s in maize, which ZmPTI1a is involved in pollen propagation [9]. The ZmPTI1a hetero-overexpressed Arabidopsis lines showed enhanced salt pressure tolerance, with larger fresh and dry weight in comparison to wild type plants [10]. Overexpressing cucumber CsPTI1-L in tobacco could improve salt tolerance by means of up-regulation of a number of resistance-related genes [13]. Overexpression of OsPTI1 increases rice resistance to fungal invasion [14]. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) was domesticated in neolithic China around 8700 years ago and has been regarded as an important dietary staple food in China for millennia [18, 19]. It possesses eye-catching qualities, for example tiny diploid genome ( 510 Mb) [20], reduced repetitive DNA, brief life cycle, and C4 PIM2 Inhibitor custom synthesis photosynthesis [21, 22]. These traits promoteit as a model crop for exploring fundamental RORĪ³ Agonist site biology processes, such as plant architecture, physiology and genome evolution [23, 24]. At the similar time, the stresses and barren tolerance traits of foxtail millet make them reduced the dependence on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides [25]. And millet cultivation could reduce the overreliance on the key cereals which are restricted in number worldwide [23]. Especially through the challenging time of COVID-19 pandemic all over the world, the strategic roles of foxtail millet in stabilizing grain production, making sure the international economy and people’s livelihood are attracted a growing number of attentions worldwide [26, 27]. Evaluation of strain resistance mechanisms and good quality traits of foxtail millet are critical for the development of modern foxtail millet germplasms or cultivars. With all the rapid development of molecular biology, the entire genome of foxtail millet has b.