Epresent appealing non-invasive biomarkers to accurately diagnose and monitor NAFLD and liver fibrosis [208]. Distinct miRNA panels for NAFLD diagnosis have been proposed [23,175,209] and, after validated, they could hopefully replace liver biopsy, which is still the mainstay of diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD, even though limited by its invasiveness, expensiveness and danger of complications [208,210]. Practically each of the diagnostic panels proposed for NAFLD contain miR-122, because the most extensively studied liver-specific miRNA, with 75 sensitivity and specificity above 80 [21,182,211]. Precise miRNAs signature could possibly also be used as threat estimation of far better or worse prognosis, and to predict efficacy in therapeutic interventions. Certainly, it has been shown that fat loss interventions, particularly bariatric surgery, and antidiabetic drugs could modify miRNA expression profiles [32,one hundred,158]. Assessment of lncRNAs as biomarkers for pre-diabetes and T2D is ongoing. One example is, growth arrest precise five (GAS5) has been suggested as a prognostic biomarker, as reduced GAS5 levels raise the risk of building diabetes. Similarly, ENST00000550337.1 levels could possibly be able to differentiate in between pre-diabetes and T2D, and circulating H19 levels appear to discriminate patients with far better glycemic control from those with poorly controlled diabetes [37,212]. A variety of lncRNAs have also been involved in liver disease and have already been associated with NAFLD improvement and progression [21]. Current know-how on the role of circRNAs in IR-related diseases is fairly limited. Even so, preliminary information on the contribution of circRNAs in pathophysiology of diabetes and its related cardiovascular αLβ2 Antagonist list complication, have encouraged to explore circRNA profiles, each in tissue and blood, as valid biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes [202]. As an illustration, quite a few authors demonstrated the possible use of circ-0054633 as low-cost, certain and sensitive diagnostic biomarker for prediabetes and T2D, as circulating levels of this circRNAs gradually increased from normoglycemia to pre-diabetes upInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22,19 ofto T2D [198,213]. Other circRNAs happen to be recommended as predictive biomarker of microand macrovascular complications in diabetic individuals. As for NAFLD, recent findings suggest that aberrant signaling of circRNA_0046367 and circRNA_0046366/miR-34a/PPAR may be involved in steatosis and could represent a therapeutic target in NAFLD therapy [21]. Other studies identify other circRNAs linked with hepatic steatosis, which include circScd1–significantly lower in NAFLD–and the circRNA_021412/miR-1972/LPIN1 signaling pathway, involved in liver metabolism and, potentially, in steatosis [13,21,214]. Apart from their prospective application as diagnostic biomarkers, ncRNAs have also been investigated as therapeutic targets [215]. Certainly, the relevance of ncRNAs as transcription elements makes them suitable as therapeutic agents, exploiting their gene silencing prospective [32]. Truly, miRNA agonists and antagonists could represent exciting therapeutic tools, to restore altered miRNA expression in certain tissues [100]. In case of downregulation of miRNA, a therapeutic method would be represented by transfection of synthetic miRNA mimetics (miRNA mimics) or PI3K Inhibitor Purity & Documentation plasmid/viral vectors, to attain a pharmacological activation of miRNA function, whereas in case of miRNAs overexpression, the therapeutic technique would be to transfect precise synthetic an.