L. Multifunctionality of PAI-1 in fibrogenesis: evidence from obstructive nephropathy in PAI-1-overexpressing mice. Kidney Int 67, 2221238 (2005). 19. Chen, K. H. et al. Resveratrol ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy related to suppression of augmented TGF-beta/smad and ERK1/2 signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 190, 453 (2011). 20. Rah, D. K. et al. Protection of rabbit kidney from ischemia/reperfusion S1PR1 Modulator site injury by green tea polyphenol pretreatment. Arch Pharm Res 30, 1447454 (2007). 21. Giovannini, L. et al. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in wine, reduces ischemia reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 37, 26270 (2001). 22. Lu, D. Y. et al. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of a novel caffeamide derivative, KS370G, in microglial cells. Mol Neurobiol 48, 86374 (2013). 23. Weng, Y. C. et al. KS370G, a synthetic caffeamide derivative, improves left ventricular hypertrophy and function in pressure-overload mice heart. Eur J Pharmacol 684, 10815 (2012). 24. Weng, Y. C. et al. Caffeic Acid Phenylethyl Amide Protects against the Metabolic Consequences in Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Diet regime and Streptozocin. Evid Primarily based Complement Alternat Med 2012, 984780 (2012). 25. Chiang, C. K. et al. Honokiol ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting extracellular matrix and pro-inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 163, 58697 (2011). 26. Derynck, R., Zhang, Y. Feng, X. H. Smads: transcriptional activators of TGFbeta responses. Cell 98, 73740 (1998). 27. Hwang, M. et al. TGF-beta1 siRNA suppresses the tubulointerstitial fibrosis within the kidney of ureteral obstruction. Exp Mol Pathol 81, 484 (2006). 28. Jung, K. J., Kim, J., Park, Y. K., Yoon, Y. R. Park, K. M. Wen-pi-tang-Hab-Wuling-san reduces ureteral obstructive renal fibrosis by the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and TGF-beta/Smad2/3 signaling. Meals Chem Toxicol 48, 52229 (2010). 29. Zeng, J., Dou, Y., Guo, J., Wu, X. Dai, Y. Paeoniflorin of Paeonia lactiflora prevents renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. Phytomedicine 20, 75359 (2013). 30. Iwano, M. et al. Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium in the course of tissue fibrosis. J Clin Invest 110, 34150 (2002). 31. Neilson, E. G. Mechanisms of illness: Fibroblasts–a new examine an old difficulty. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2, 10108 (2006). 32. Fogo, A. B. Mesangial matrix modulation and glomerulosclerosis. Exp Nephrol 7, 14759 (1999). 33. Hills, C. E. Squires, P. E. TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and therapeutic SSTR2 Agonist Species intervention in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 31, 684 (2010). 34. Cheng, J. Grande, J. P. Transforming development factor-beta signal transduction and progressive renal illness. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227, 94356 (2002). 35. Eddy, A. A. Serine proteases, inhibitors and receptors in renal fibrosis. Thromb Haemost 101, 65664 (2009). 36. Oda, T. et al. PAI-1 deficiency attenuates the fibrogenic response to ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 60, 58796 (2001).Figure eight | KS370G inhibits the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in NRK52E cells induced by TGF-b1. (A) Smad2/3 phosphorylation was determined by western blotting of NRK52E cells stimulated by TGF-b1 (five ng/ml) within a time course experiment. (B) Smad2/3 phosphorylation was determined by western blotting of NRK52E cells cultured with distinctive concentration of KS370G (0.1 to three mM) for 30 minutes under TGF-b1 stimulation. (C) Quantitative outcomes present.