H low seasonal primary productivity including crops under climatic conditions characterized by warm night temperatures (Fig 2B in brown). The communes with the Biotin-VAD-FMK chemical information largest positive values of Factor 2 are located in the central highlands (Fig 2B in green). The communes with the largest negative values are mostly located in the eastern part of the island (Fig 2B in brown); ?Factor 3 was a rainfall seasonality index. The highest values of Factors3 (highly seasonal rainfall) are observed in the north-western part of the island (Fig 2C in green); ?Factor 4 represented a humid areas (marshlands, wetland and irrigated lands) index. The highest values are mostly located on the eastern-coast and the north-western part of the island (Fig 2D in green). Considering each of the 1,578 communes of Madagascar, MFA factors values Mikamycin B supplier ranged from -1.9 to 3.3 (Factor 1), -1.9 to 2.8 (Factor 2), -5.1 to 2.7 (Factor 3) and -1.1 to 7.3 (Factor 4).Description of data and univariate statistical analysis (Table 2)A total of 1,432 individuals from the initial cattle dataset, sampled in 26 communes belonging to 22 Malagasy districts were included in the study (Fig 1). The number of animals sampled per commune ranged from 1 to 110. Cattle ages ranged from 1 to 12 years (mean age 4.5 years). The overall seropositivity rate was 19.3 (CI 95 [17.3?1.8]). Age was categorized in 4 groups: 1?, 3?, 5? and more than 7 years old. Cattle density was classified as follows according to quartiles: below 9.7; 9.7 to 14.3; 14.3 to 19.1 and more than 19.1 per square kilometer. MFA factor values of the 26 sampling communes ranged from -1.7 to 2.6 (Factor 1), -0.9 to 1.5 (Factor 2), -1.5 to 2.3 (Factor 3) and -1.1 to 0.6 (Factor 4). Age category, cattle density category, Factor 1, Factor 3 and Factor 4 were statistically associated with cattle seroprevalence (p 0.20). A total of 1,679 people were sampled, 91 (n = 1,529) living in rural areas and 9 (n = 150) living in urban areas (Fig 1). Age of volunteers ranged from 18 to 99 years (mean age 37.6 years) with a ratio of 1.03 (male/female). The overall seropositivity rate was 9.5 (95 CI [8.1?1.0]). Age was categorized in 4 groups: 18 to 26, 26 to 37, 37 to 46 and more than 46 years old. Cattle density of the related communes was classified as following: below 6.3; 6.3 to 11.7; 11.7 to 22.0 and more than 22.0 per square kilometer. A total of 267 individuals declared no contact with live animals or animal product and were categorized as “other profession”. Among them, 24 individuals were seropositive (9.0 95 CI [5.8?3.1]). MFA factor values of the 48 communes ranged from -1.86 to 3.29 (Factor 1), -1.87 to 2.77 (Factor 2), -5.08 to 1.75 (Factor 3) and -0.75 to 4.51 (Factor 4). Habitat, gender, contact with ruminants, contact with raw milk, profession, age category, cattle density category, Factor 2, Factor 3 and Factor 4 were statistically associated with human seroprevalence (p 0.20).Multivariate analysisBoth cattle and human seroprevalences increased gradually with age categories (Table 2). It was thus assumed that the relationship between age and seroprevalence was linear: age was thus included as a quantitative variable in multivariate models. Since the variation in cattle or human seroprevalence along cattle density categories was not clearly gradual, cattle density was included as a categorical variable in both cattle and human multivariate models. Cattle density was correlated with Factor 1, Factor 2 and Factor 3 and thus was incl.H low seasonal primary productivity including crops under climatic conditions characterized by warm night temperatures (Fig 2B in brown). The communes with the largest positive values of Factor 2 are located in the central highlands (Fig 2B in green). The communes with the largest negative values are mostly located in the eastern part of the island (Fig 2B in brown); ?Factor 3 was a rainfall seasonality index. The highest values of Factors3 (highly seasonal rainfall) are observed in the north-western part of the island (Fig 2C in green); ?Factor 4 represented a humid areas (marshlands, wetland and irrigated lands) index. The highest values are mostly located on the eastern-coast and the north-western part of the island (Fig 2D in green). Considering each of the 1,578 communes of Madagascar, MFA factors values ranged from -1.9 to 3.3 (Factor 1), -1.9 to 2.8 (Factor 2), -5.1 to 2.7 (Factor 3) and -1.1 to 7.3 (Factor 4).Description of data and univariate statistical analysis (Table 2)A total of 1,432 individuals from the initial cattle dataset, sampled in 26 communes belonging to 22 Malagasy districts were included in the study (Fig 1). The number of animals sampled per commune ranged from 1 to 110. Cattle ages ranged from 1 to 12 years (mean age 4.5 years). The overall seropositivity rate was 19.3 (CI 95 [17.3?1.8]). Age was categorized in 4 groups: 1?, 3?, 5? and more than 7 years old. Cattle density was classified as follows according to quartiles: below 9.7; 9.7 to 14.3; 14.3 to 19.1 and more than 19.1 per square kilometer. MFA factor values of the 26 sampling communes ranged from -1.7 to 2.6 (Factor 1), -0.9 to 1.5 (Factor 2), -1.5 to 2.3 (Factor 3) and -1.1 to 0.6 (Factor 4). Age category, cattle density category, Factor 1, Factor 3 and Factor 4 were statistically associated with cattle seroprevalence (p 0.20). A total of 1,679 people were sampled, 91 (n = 1,529) living in rural areas and 9 (n = 150) living in urban areas (Fig 1). Age of volunteers ranged from 18 to 99 years (mean age 37.6 years) with a ratio of 1.03 (male/female). The overall seropositivity rate was 9.5 (95 CI [8.1?1.0]). Age was categorized in 4 groups: 18 to 26, 26 to 37, 37 to 46 and more than 46 years old. Cattle density of the related communes was classified as following: below 6.3; 6.3 to 11.7; 11.7 to 22.0 and more than 22.0 per square kilometer. A total of 267 individuals declared no contact with live animals or animal product and were categorized as “other profession”. Among them, 24 individuals were seropositive (9.0 95 CI [5.8?3.1]). MFA factor values of the 48 communes ranged from -1.86 to 3.29 (Factor 1), -1.87 to 2.77 (Factor 2), -5.08 to 1.75 (Factor 3) and -0.75 to 4.51 (Factor 4). Habitat, gender, contact with ruminants, contact with raw milk, profession, age category, cattle density category, Factor 2, Factor 3 and Factor 4 were statistically associated with human seroprevalence (p 0.20).Multivariate analysisBoth cattle and human seroprevalences increased gradually with age categories (Table 2). It was thus assumed that the relationship between age and seroprevalence was linear: age was thus included as a quantitative variable in multivariate models. Since the variation in cattle or human seroprevalence along cattle density categories was not clearly gradual, cattle density was included as a categorical variable in both cattle and human multivariate models. Cattle density was correlated with Factor 1, Factor 2 and Factor 3 and thus was incl.