Station place. The SZNRS ended up using a peripheral location outside the built-up area, which could lower land-related expenditure for the governments (land concession charge, demolition charge, and resettlement charge). Despite the fact that proximity to urban centers could precipitate a bigger prospective passenger flow, municipal governments lack the incentive to do so because it is divorced in the operational deficit of your national HSR program [13]. Transit agency engagement is facilitated by this development-based station placement selection, as a sizable proportion of vacant state-owned land (formally consolidated by government using coercive energy) around the station paves the way for succeeding development, and boosts land lease income. The government also contributes to a sizable proportion of urbanization campaign along with HSR investment, launching a variety of subsequent improvement tactics such as the integration Betamethasone disodium manufacturer together with the regional rail transit network (in June 2011, six months just before the HSR inauguration, metro line four and line 5 were opened, connecting Futian and Luohu, two urban centers towards the HSR station), district boundary reorganization (in 2011, the Longhua New District (LHND) was separated in the original Bao’an district, enabled using the larger political power of arranging and financing affairs), and new town development. A different supply of induced energy comes from supportive land zoning regulation. A supportive, compatible, constant, and precise land zoning method contributes to mitigate project risks, thus encouraging transit participation in TOD projects [38]. As previously stated, a peripheral location option on the SZNRS circumvents its improvement from arranging restrictions as in extremely urbanized locations. Land density bonus and floorSustainability 2021, 13,10 ofarea ratio (FAR) transfer practices are permitted in the land parcel level in order to enable developers to enjoy higher improvement density about transits, ranging from a 20 to an 80 boost from the baseline density parameter [29]. In this way, the coalition between local governments and the SZMC, and in some cases the private developers, have benefited in the R P and land reproduction. Only issues have shifted from “whether feasible” to “whether sustainable”, and to “whether justifiable”, as such a mega-project consumes immense quantities of state-owned land resources in such a high-density city exactly where land signifies all the things. 5. The Hong Kong Case 5.1. A Government-Led Model Exactly where the Function of MTRC Is Marginalized XRL (the Hong Kong section) is definitely the world’s very first all-underground high-speed railway project. As a mega-transport project, it terminates at the Hong Kong West Kowloon Station (HKWKL), with a footprint of 110,000 m2 . It consists of a ground floor with 4 reduce levels beneath it, and the lowest housing ten railway platforms. The gross floor area is 380,000 m2 . The trains run in parallel tunnels, which extend underground towards the Shenzhen Futian district [39]. The Hong Kong section of the XRL project firstly connects Hong Kong with the national HSR network in China, enabling passengers to travel involving Hong Kong and Mainland cities at speeds of more than 200 km/h. Thereby, it is recognized as a project of strategic GYY4137 manufacturer significance that could enhance Hong Kong’s status as a gateway to Mainland China [39]. Before the XRL project (Hong Kong section), most mass transit railway financing in Hong Kong adopted an “ownership approach”, where the MTRC was accountable for the funding, design and style,.