Surprising given that regional areas of NSW such as Byron Bay, Lismore and Tweed Heads have long been associated with cannabis use and AN 3199 site specialist cultivation approaches. However, it is not currently possible to identify whether urban and rural Cannabis Cautioning seizures are likely to represent cannabis grown using different cultivation methods as the origin of the samples was unknown, and could even reflect cannabis grown hydroponically in urban locations andFigure 4. The levels of THCtot, CBDtot and CBGtot, in n = 13 outdoor grown (NSW North Coast) and n = 13 indoor grown (Sydney) “Known Provenance” samples. Levels of cannabinoids are expressed as mean of total weight of sample (w/w ), with 6 SEM bars shown. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.gFigure 5. The levels of THC-V, CBN and CBC in n = 13 outdoor grown (NSW North Coast) and n = 13 indoor grown (Sydney) “Known Provenance” samples. Levels of cannabinoids are expressed as mean of total weight of sample (w/w ), with 6 SEM bars shown. Note the differing scales relative to Figure 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.gCannabis Potency in AustraliaTable 2. Profile of cannabinoid content (w/w ) in Indoor and Outdoor Grown “Known Provenance” cannabis samples seized during the NSW cannabis eradication program, February-May 2012.Indoor Grown (n = 13) Range THC-A THC 16985061 THC-tot CBD-A CBD CBD-tot CBG-A CBG CBG-tot CBN CBC THC-V 9.58?3.12 0.18?.18 9.54?9.66 0.02?.06 0?.67 0.02?.70 0.03?.92 0?.16 0.14?.24 0?.04 0?.15 0?.04 Mean (95 CI) 19.57 (14.55?4.58) 2.00 (0.54?.47) 19.16 (14.76?3.57) 0.04 (0.03?.04) 0.11 (0?.23) 0.14 (0.02?.26) 0.29 (0.15?.44) 0.46 (0.12?.79) 0.71 (0.40?.03) 0.01 (0?.02) 0.04 (0.02?.07) 0 (0?.01) Median 17.52 1.10 20.13 0.04 0 0.04 0.30 0.33 0.65 0.01 0.04Outdoor Grown (n = 13) Range 8.15?4.24 0.15?.77 7.75?0.93 0.01?.08 0 0.01?.07 0.12?.37 0.18?.43 0.29?.51 0?.03 0?.10 0?.11 Mean (95 CI) 16.46 (11.73?1.20) 1.03 (0.60?.45) 15.47 (11.28?9.66) 0.04 (0.02?.05) 0 (-) 0.03 (0.02?.04) 0.67 (0.25?.09) 1.73 (0.65?.80) 2.32 (0.96?.67) 0.01 (0?.01) 0.04 (0.02?.06) 0.02 (0?.04) Median 14.68 0.90 14.07 0.04 0 0.04 0.43 1.09 1.53 0 0.05doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.ttransported to regional NSW. There 23148522 were no differences between known outdoor (Northern NSW) and indoor (Sydney) grown seizures in levels of THC, CBD or other cannabinoids, although there were trends towards higher THCtot in indoor-grown samples. These data therefore do not provide overwhelming support for claims of higher potency in cannabis grown using intensive indoor cultivation techniques. Given the observed trends towards higher THC, this small sample may have had insufficient power to reliably detect such differences. However, it may simply be that specific types of seed material are favoured for cannabis cultivation, and that this factor dominates cannabinoid profiles rather than the use of outdoor or indoor growing locations. An interesting issue for future research is the value growers place on strains containing high levels of THC and low levels of CBD, as reflected in their preference among many cultivators [8,41] and higher market prices [6,8,42]. Given concerns over the potential mental health MedChemExpress Vasopressin impacts of this profile, as well as reports of the aversive nature of the high associated with it by some users [43], research on user preferences associated with different effects might shed light on whether cannabis containing a more balanced mix of THC and CBD would have value in the market, as well as potent.Surprising given that regional areas of NSW such as Byron Bay, Lismore and Tweed Heads have long been associated with cannabis use and specialist cultivation approaches. However, it is not currently possible to identify whether urban and rural Cannabis Cautioning seizures are likely to represent cannabis grown using different cultivation methods as the origin of the samples was unknown, and could even reflect cannabis grown hydroponically in urban locations andFigure 4. The levels of THCtot, CBDtot and CBGtot, in n = 13 outdoor grown (NSW North Coast) and n = 13 indoor grown (Sydney) “Known Provenance” samples. Levels of cannabinoids are expressed as mean of total weight of sample (w/w ), with 6 SEM bars shown. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.gFigure 5. The levels of THC-V, CBN and CBC in n = 13 outdoor grown (NSW North Coast) and n = 13 indoor grown (Sydney) “Known Provenance” samples. Levels of cannabinoids are expressed as mean of total weight of sample (w/w ), with 6 SEM bars shown. Note the differing scales relative to Figure 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.gCannabis Potency in AustraliaTable 2. Profile of cannabinoid content (w/w ) in Indoor and Outdoor Grown “Known Provenance” cannabis samples seized during the NSW cannabis eradication program, February-May 2012.Indoor Grown (n = 13) Range THC-A THC 16985061 THC-tot CBD-A CBD CBD-tot CBG-A CBG CBG-tot CBN CBC THC-V 9.58?3.12 0.18?.18 9.54?9.66 0.02?.06 0?.67 0.02?.70 0.03?.92 0?.16 0.14?.24 0?.04 0?.15 0?.04 Mean (95 CI) 19.57 (14.55?4.58) 2.00 (0.54?.47) 19.16 (14.76?3.57) 0.04 (0.03?.04) 0.11 (0?.23) 0.14 (0.02?.26) 0.29 (0.15?.44) 0.46 (0.12?.79) 0.71 (0.40?.03) 0.01 (0?.02) 0.04 (0.02?.07) 0 (0?.01) Median 17.52 1.10 20.13 0.04 0 0.04 0.30 0.33 0.65 0.01 0.04Outdoor Grown (n = 13) Range 8.15?4.24 0.15?.77 7.75?0.93 0.01?.08 0 0.01?.07 0.12?.37 0.18?.43 0.29?.51 0?.03 0?.10 0?.11 Mean (95 CI) 16.46 (11.73?1.20) 1.03 (0.60?.45) 15.47 (11.28?9.66) 0.04 (0.02?.05) 0 (-) 0.03 (0.02?.04) 0.67 (0.25?.09) 1.73 (0.65?.80) 2.32 (0.96?.67) 0.01 (0?.01) 0.04 (0.02?.06) 0.02 (0?.04) Median 14.68 0.90 14.07 0.04 0 0.04 0.43 1.09 1.53 0 0.05doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052.ttransported to regional NSW. There 23148522 were no differences between known outdoor (Northern NSW) and indoor (Sydney) grown seizures in levels of THC, CBD or other cannabinoids, although there were trends towards higher THCtot in indoor-grown samples. These data therefore do not provide overwhelming support for claims of higher potency in cannabis grown using intensive indoor cultivation techniques. Given the observed trends towards higher THC, this small sample may have had insufficient power to reliably detect such differences. However, it may simply be that specific types of seed material are favoured for cannabis cultivation, and that this factor dominates cannabinoid profiles rather than the use of outdoor or indoor growing locations. An interesting issue for future research is the value growers place on strains containing high levels of THC and low levels of CBD, as reflected in their preference among many cultivators [8,41] and higher market prices [6,8,42]. Given concerns over the potential mental health impacts of this profile, as well as reports of the aversive nature of the high associated with it by some users [43], research on user preferences associated with different effects might shed light on whether cannabis containing a more balanced mix of THC and CBD would have value in the market, as well as potent.