Based protocols is since the search algorithm is in a position to improved
Based protocols is since the search algorithm is able to far better exploit longer pipelines.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,13 of10 km pipeline, 2 hops10 km pipeline, 4 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.four 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.four 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC14.15.16.17.t (s) ten km pipeline, ten hopst (s) 10 km pipeline, 20 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.6 0.4 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.four 0.two 0140LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s)t (s)Figure 10. Frame duration cdfs of LTDA-MAC with HD nodes, LTDA-MAC with FD nodes, and FD-LTDA-MAC to get a 10 km pipeline.20 km pipeline, 2 hops20 km pipeline, four hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.4 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s) 20 km pipeline, ten hopst (s) 20 km pipeline, 20 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.four 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s)t (s)Figure 11. Frame duration cdfs of LTDA-MAC with HD nodes, LTDA-MAC with FD nodes, and FD-LTDA-MAC for any 20 km pipeline.four.two. Medium Scale Scenarios: 50 and one hundred km Pipelines In practice, pipelines span various hundreds to thousands of kilometres, for instance the Langeled pipeline inside the North Sea measuring about 1200 km [6], along with the 7200 km long pipelines under the gulf of Mexico [37]. For underwater oil and gas pipeline monitoring, applications for example leak detection call for timely sensor readings at particular intervals and demand a high resolution of sensed data. This motivates studying the deployment of FD-LTDA-MAC protocol in medium scale scenarios, so as to understand intermediate efficiency improvement and to track the improvement by understanding where the optimum overall performance enhancement lies. The frame durations derived by FD-LTDA-MAC for 50 and 100 km pipelines with 25 and 50 hop configurations as noticed in Figure 12 are with the variety 104 s to 779 s, using the reduce bound corresponding for the 25 hop case and also the upper bound the 100 hop case. In comparison with all the frame durations ranging from 218 s to 4457 s and 144 s to 1192 s derived by LTDA-MAC and LTDA-MAC over FD nodes, respectively, there is certainly significant reduction in the frame duration. The performance improvement as a ratio may be BI-0115 site approximated as 1:1.four:two for the decrease bound and 1:two:six for the upper bound. As a result, LTDA-MAC performs poorly in medium scale scenariosAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,14 ofcompared to FD-LTDA-MAC. This means FD-LTDA-MAC can achieve Hydroxyflutamide manufacturer higher monitoring rates in comparison with LTDA-MAC and LTDA-MAC in FD. Additionally, the 25 and 50 hop scenarios for 50 and one hundred km pipelines, respectively, show that a lot more regular sensing along a pipeline can be achieved by FD-LTDA-MAC protocol with a 2 km sensing range. The results also indicate that the greedy optimisation algorithm in FD-LTDA-MAC can reach a much better resolution in longer pipelines with fullduplex capability. This can be the purpose why overall performance improvement accomplished in medium scale scenarios is superior compared with little scale scenarios.50 km pipeline, 25 hops50 km pipeline, 50 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.4 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.4 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s) 100 km pipeline, 50 hopst (s) 100 km pipeline, 100 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.6 0.four 0.2 0LTDA-MAC wit.